A 3-axis CNC router is a type of computer-controlled machine that operates along three linear axes: X, Y, and Z.

The X-axis moves the tool or workpiece left and right.

The Y-axis moves it forward and backward.

The Z-axis moves it up and down.

This configuration allows the machine to cut, carve, and engrave flat surfaces or parts with depth, such as 2.5D shapes. However, since it operates in only three directions, it cannot tilt or rotate the tool head. This makes it ideal for machining flat workpieces like signs, panels, and furniture components, but not for complex 3D parts that require undercuts or angled surfaces.